Sabtu, 25 Oktober 2008

Chess history

In Indonesia, chess, including a sizable popular sport. In every corner of our region can find people to play chess. Whether to fill the time, either to tighten the first. When independence day celebrations, chess tournament also was held almost certainly follow.
In addition to prepare simple, low cost, can be applied in the environment, chess can also be played by anyone. Even for some people, sports have the prestige of this brain material.

The description above is different from the time when the sport first played. Previously, only chess played by the king at the palace. Hence, whenever that chess is often referred to as the royal game.

Questions country's chess, there is still a cross opinion. According to H. J. R. Murray, author of the book Chess History (1913), chess originated from India and started there in the century-6. In chess there chaturanga known by the name, which means that the four elements that separate. Initially, chess pieces are only four types. According to ancient Indian mysticism, chess is considered to represent the universe, so often associated with the lives of four elements, namely fire, air, land and water, because in the gamechess symbolize the way of human life.

In the game, chess analysis relies on subtlety and players, along with skills in determining the strategy, plan, risks, and must decide when to sacrifice to win.

However, the opinion of the Murray as Muhammad Ismail Sloan, a lot to learn chess history. According to Sloan, if chess is found in India, the game should mention in the literature, Sanskrit literature. Indeed, no one in the Indian Sanskrit literature that mentioned the matter before the century chess-6. Conversely, the Chinese poet is saying this game one-lyric verse of them, 800 the previous year.

So, according to Ismail Sloan, in Cina first played chess. But at the time of the ring chess not boxes, but flatly. Fruit chess also consists of only four types, namely king, fortresses, knight (horse), and the bishop (elephant).

In the new century-6, chess brought Muslims from India to Persia and all over the world. Perhaps, in the period Caliph Ali bin Abi Tholib, chess is a popular game played. Even may also by the Caliph Ali own. There is also the commander stated that the war Prophet Muhammad, Khalid bin Walid also like chess. Maybe this is related to the righteous set the strategy of war.

There is also a friend of the Prophet Said bin Jubair famous can play blindfold (blind chess, playing without seeing the chessboard). In the days following Caliph Islam, such as the Caliph Harun Al-Rashid was also known to endow a chessboard to a king in Europe, the founder of the dynasty Carolia, namely Charlemagne.

In the 8th century when the nation of Islam spread the Moors to Spain, chess started to spread to mainland Europe to in Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Great Britain, Ireland, and Russia. In the archipelago, sports brain is taken by the Dutch colonial time in the past. Initially, only the Dutch people who play chess, but towards independence, many indigenous start the coverflow.

In the chess history has many European nations to develop this chess game, among others, with the board to make chess black and white. This occurred approximately 10 centuries. Previously, the boxes the same color. Even people often make this chess game arena on the sand or anywhere that can be given line. From Europe also made regulations that can pawn forward two steps in the box and the first minister (queen) can move more freely both forward and diagonally.

Slower chess development. From the name, form, and the game rules. These symbols represent the changes of civilization.

(Rina Nazrina)

Kamis, 23 Oktober 2008

the history of world chess champion, pre-FIDE

The World Chess Championship 1886 was the first official World Chess Championship match contested by Wilhelm Steinitz and Johannes Zukertort. The match took place in the USA, the first five games being played in New York, the next four being played in St.Louis and the final eleven in New Orleans. The winner was the first player to achieve ten wins. Wilhelm Steinitz won the match 10-5, winning his tenth game in the twentieth game of the match (with five losses and five draws).

Background

Previously, there were a number of "unofficial" world championship matches held between the undisputed leading players of the day, but talk of an official World Championship did not occur prior to the 1866 match between Steinitz and Adolf Anderssen. Steinitz won that match (+8 -6 =0) and although he made no known reference to a "World Championship" at the time, in later life he would sometimes backdate the tenure of his reign to the date of the Anderssen match. However, most historians now accept that the 1886 match between Steinitz and Zukertort was the first official World Championship match[1].


Preparations

In 1883 a prestigious 14-player, double-round, all-play-all tournament was held in London[2] and the winner was Zukertort with 22/26, ahead of Steinitz (19/26), Blackburne (16½/22) and Chigorin (16/22). In many respects, the event resembled a modern day Candidates Tournament, in that most of the world's leading players took part and the top two cemented their reputations as contenders for a world title. The tournament was also famous for the first use of the double-headed chess clock, manufactured by T.B. Wilson of Manchester.

(A common story relates to an incident that occurred at the tournament banquet, when the St. George Chess Club President proposed a toast to the best chess player in the world and both Steinitz and Zukertort stood up at the same time to thank him. Research by Edward G. Winter suggests that this story has been embellished.[3])

The following year saw the death of Paul Morphy and so finally, nothing stood in the way of a first official World Championship match between the two rivals. As there was a degree of hostility between them, the match arrangements were somewhat protracted and lasted almost 3 years. Disagreement over the choice of venue was resolved when Steinitz finally persuaded Zukertort to accept the USA over London, his new place of residence. This was mostly due to the better conditions offered to the players by the American organisers. Zukertort was given the princely sum of $750 to make the trip across the Atlantic and the winner of the match was promised a quarter of the proceeds from the betting syndication.

The match was to use the same chess clock as 3 years earlier and the time limit was determined as 30 moves in 2 hours, followed by another 15 moves in each subsequent hour. For the first time in chess history, a demonstration board measuring approximately 1 metre square was erected above the players, so that the spectators could follow the game while remaining in their seats

The match

Play commenced on January 11th, 1886 at 14.00 hours, in the Cartiers Academy Hall, No. 80, Fifth Avenue, New York. After the first five games, the venue switched to St. Louis for a further four. With the match result still in the balance (4-4, with one draw), the concluding chapter was played out in New Orleans, by which time Zukertort was said to be living on his wits, physically fatigued and approaching mental breakdown. Steinitz on the other hand, appeared to be playing more robustly, with a bottomless pit of mental stamina. His strategic mastery quickly took control of the match and he wrapped things up with a further six wins, four draws and just one defeat. The final game ended on March 29th, 1886 when Zukertort tended his resignation and congratulated the new World Champion.

In the aftermath, it was apparent that Zukertort's play had been overly impulsive; he had regularly taken half the time of Steinitz and it is likely that this was connected to a heart condition he had carried since childhood. Two years later, Zukertort died of a heart attack.

World Chess Championship Match 1886
Player 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Wins
Flag of the United Kingdom Johann Zukertort (United Kingdom)/ Poland 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 = 0 = 0 0 1 = = 0 = 0 0 0 5
Flag of the United States Wilhelm Steinitz (United States) / Austria 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 = 1 = 1 1 0 = = 1 = 1 1 1 10


Game 1, Zukertort-Steinitz, 0-1

Image:chess zhor 26.png
Image:chess zver 26.png a8 b8 rd c8 d8 e8 kd f8 g8 h8 Image:chess zver 26.png
a7 pd b7 c7 bd d7 e7 f7 qd g7 h7
a6 b6 c6 pd d6 e6 f6 g6 h6
a5 pl b5 c5 pl d5 pd e5 f5 g5 pd h5 pd
a4 b4 c4 d4 pl e4 pd f4 g4 bd h4
a3 b3 c3 bl d3 e3 nl f3 g3 h3
a2 b2 c2 d2 kl e2 nl f2 rd g2 ql h2
a1 b1 c1 d1 e1 rl f1 g1 h1 rl
Image:chess zhor 26.png
Game 1: 36...Rf2. Although white is a piece up, black's attack is too strong and is shortly going to win decisive material.
Slav Defence, D10
1.d4 d5 2.c4 c6 3.e3 Bf5 4.Nc3 e6 5.Nf3 Nd7 6.a3 Bd6 7.c5 Bc7 8.b4 e5 9.Be2 Ngf6 10.Bb2 e4 11.Nd2 h5 12.h3 Nf8 13.a4 Ng6 14.b5 Nh4 15.g3 Ng2+ 16.Kf1 Nxe3+ 17.fxe3 Bxg3 18.Kg2 Bc7 19.Qg1 Rh6 20.Kf1 Rg6 21.Qf2 Qd7 22.bxc6 bxc6 23.Rg1 Bxh3+ 24.Ke1 Ng4 25.Bxg4 Bxg4 26.Ne2 Qe7 27.Nf4 Rh6 28.Bc3 g5 29.Ne2 Rf6 30.Qg2 Rf3 31.Nf1 Rb8 32.Kd2 f5 33.a5 f4 34.Rh1 Qf7 35.Re1 fxe3+ 36.Nxe3 Rf2 37.Qxf2 Qxf2 38.Nxg4 Bf4+ 39.Kc2 hxg4 40.Bd2 e3 41.Bc1 Qg2 42.Kc3 Kd7 43.Rh7+ Ke6 44.Rh6+ Kf5 45.Bxe3 Bxe3 46.Rf1+ Bf4 0–1

Game 2, Steinitz-Zukertort, 0-1

Scotch Game, C47
1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.d4 exd4 4.Nxd4 Nf6 5.Nc3 Bb4 6.Nxc6 bxc6 7.Bd3 d5 8.exd5 cxd5 9.0–0 0–0 10.Bg5 c6 11.Ne2 Bd6 12.Ng3 h6 13.Bd2 Ng4 14.Be2 Qh4 15.Bxg4 Bxg4 16.Qc1 Be2 17.Re1 Ba6 18.Bc3 f5 19.Re6 Rad8 20.Qd2 d4 21.Ba5 Rd7 22.Rxd6 Rxd6 23.Bb4 Qf6 24.Rd1 Rd5 25.Bxf8 Qxf8 26.Nh5 Qe8 27.Nf4 Re5 28.h4 c5 29.h5 Re4 30.c3 Qb8 31.g3 Qe5 32.Ng6?! 32.f3! wins a pawn and black's best solution is to play 32...Rxf4 33.gxf4 32...Qd6 33.Nf4 d3 34.b3 c4 35.Rb1 Kh7 36.Kh2 Qb6 37.Kg1 Bb7 38.Rb2? This is a mistake that leaves the back-rank vulnerable. 38...Qc6 39.f3 Qc5+ 40.Qf2 Re1+ 41.Kh2 Qxf2+ 42.Rxf2 Bxf3 43.g4 Be2 44.Ng2 d2 45.Ne3 cxb3 46.axb3 Bxg4 0–1

Game 3, Zukertort-Steinitz, 1-0

Slav Defence, D10
1.d4 d5 2.c4 c6 3.e3 Bf5 4.a3 e6 5.c5 a5 6.Qb3 Qc7 7.Nc3 Nd7 8.Na4 Ngf6 9.Ne2 Be7 10.Ng3 Bg6 11.Bd2 0–0 12.Be2 Rfb8 13.0–0 b6 14.cxb6 Nxb6 15.Nxb6 Rxb6 16.Qc3 Qb7 17.Ra2 Nd7 18.Bd1 c5 19.Ba4 c4 20.Qc1 Nf6 21.Bc3 Bd6 22.f3 Qb8 23.f4 Bd3 24.Re1 h5 25.h4 Qd8 26.Bd1 g6 27.Qd2 Rbb8 28.Qf2 Be7 29.Bf3 Ne4 30.Bxe4 dxe4 31.Nh1 Bxh4 32.g3 Be7 33.Qd2 Qd5 34.Nf2 a4 35.Kg2 Rb3 36.Rh1 Kg7 37.Raa1 Bd8 38.g4 hxg4 39.Nxg4 Ba5? This mistake spoils what had been an extremely well played game by black. This makes the back-rank vulnerable, which Zukertort exploits. 40.Rh7+ Kf8 41.Rh8+ Kg7 42.Rh7+ Kf8 43.Qf2 Bd8 44.Ne5 Kg8 45.Rah1 Bf6 46.Rxf7 Rf8 47.Rxf6 1–0

Game 4, Steinitz-Zukertort, 0-1

Ruy Lopez, Berlin Defence, C67
1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bb5 Nf6 4.0–0 Nxe4 5.Re1 Nd6 6.Nxe5 Nxe5 7.Rxe5+ Be7 8.Bf1 0–0 9.d4 Bf6 10.Re1 Re8 11.c3 Rxe1 12.Qxe1 Nf5 13.Bf4 d6 14.Nd2 Be6 15.Bd3 Nh4 16.Ne4 Ng6 17.Bd2 d5 18.Nc5 Bc8 19.Qe3 b6 20.Nb3 Qd6 21.Qe8+ Nf8 22.Re1 Bb7 23.Qe3 Ne6 24.Qf3 Rd8 25.Qf5 Nf8 26.Bf4 Qc6 27.Nd2 Bc8 28.Qh5 g6 29.Qe2 Ne6 30.Bg3 Qb7 31.Nf3 c5 32.dxc5 bxc5 33.Ne5 c4 34.Bb1 Bg7 35.Rd1 Bd7 36.Qf3 Be8 37.Nxc4?? dxc4 38.Rxd8 Nxd8 39.Qe2 Ne6 0–1

Game 5, Zukertort-Steinitz, 1-0

Image:chess zhor 26.png
Image:chess zver 26.png a8 b8 c8 d8 e8 qd f8 g8 h8 kd Image:chess zver 26.png
a7 pd b7 pd c7 rd d7 e7 nd f7 rd g7 rl h7 pd
a6 b6 c6 d6 e6 pd f6 g6 h6
a5 b5 bd c5 d5 pd e5 pl f5 pd g5 h5
a4 b4 c4 d4 pl e4 f4 nl g4 h4
a3 b3 c3 bl d3 e3 pl f3 g3 h3 pl
a2 pl b2 pl c2 d2 e2 f2 ql g2 h2 kl
a1 b1 bl c1 d1 e1 f1 g1 rl h1
Image:chess zhor 26.png
Game 5: 32.Rxg7!. After 32...Rxg7 33.Rxg7 Kxg7 34.Nxe6, white will be a piece up.
Slav Defence, D10
1.d4 d5 2.c4 c6 3.Nc3 Nf6 4.e3 Bf5 5.cxd5 cxd5 6.Qb3 Bc8 7.Nf3 Nc6 8.Ne5 e6 9.Bb5 Qc7 10.Bd2 Bd6 11.f4 0–0 12.Rc1 Bxe5 13.fxe5 Ne8 14.0–0 f6 15.Bd3 Rf7 16.Qc2 f5 17.Ne2 Bd7 18.Rf2 Rc8 19.Bc3 Qb6 20.Qd2 Ne7 21.Rcf1 Bb5 22.Bb1 Qa6 23.g4 g6 24.h3 Rc7 25.Re1 Ng7 26.Nf4 Nc8 27.gxf5 gxf5 28.Rg2 Kh8 29.Kh2 Qc6 30.Reg1 Ne7 31.Qf2 Qe8 32.Rxg7! 1–0 After 32...Rxg7 33.Rxg7 Kxg7 34.Nxe6, white will be a piece up.

Game 6, Steinitz-Zukertort, 1-0

Ruy Lopez, Berlin Defence, C67
1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bb5 Nf6 4.0–0 Nxe4 5.Re1 Nd6 6.Nxe5 Nxe5 7.Rxe5+ Be7 8.Nc3 0–0 9.Bd3 Bf6 10.Re3 g6 11.b3 Re8 12.Qf3 Bg5 13.Rxe8+ Nxe8 14.Bb2 c6 15.Ne4 Be7 16.Qe3 d5 17.Qd4 f6 18.Ng3 Be6 19.Re1 Ng7 20.h4 Qd7 21.h5 Bf7 22.hxg6 Bxg6 23.Qe3 Kf7 24.Qf4 Re8 25.Re3 Ne6 26.Qg4 Nf8 27.Nf5 Bc5 28.Nh6+ Kg7 29.Nf5+ Kf7 30.Nh6+ Kg7 31.Nf5+ Kf7 32.Nh6+ Kg7 33.Nf5+ Kf7 34.Nh6+ Kg7 It must be noted that the threefold repetition rule was not in force during this match, the position had to be repeated six times before a draw could be claimed. 35.Bxg6 Qxg4 36.Nxg4 Rxe3 37.fxe3 Kxg6 38.Nxf6 Bb4 39.d3 Ne6 40.Kf2 h5 41.g4 h4 42.Nh5 Bd6 43.Kg2 c5 44.Bf6 Ng5 45.Bxg5 Kxg5 46.Kh3 Be5 47.Nf4 d4 48.Ne6+ Kf6 49.exd4 cxd4 50.Nc5 Kg5 51.Nxb7 Kf4 52.Na5 Bf6 53.Nc6 Ke3 54.Nxa7 Kd2 55.Nc6 Kxc2 56.a4 Kxd3 57.Nb4+ Ke2 58.a5 Be7 59.Nd5 Kf3 60.Nxe7 d3 61.Nd5 1–0

Game 7, Zukertort-Steinitz, 0-1

Queen's Gambit Declined,Semi-Tarrasch Defence, D40
1.d4 d5 2.c4 e6 3.Nc3 Nf6 4.e3 The more modern choice here would most likely be 4.cxd4 exd4 5.Bg5. 4...c5 5.Nf3 Nc6 6.a3 dxc4 7.Bxc4 cxd4 8.exd4 Be7 9.0–0 0–0 10.Be3 10.Bg5 is more to the point 10...Bd7 11.Qd3 Rc8 12.Rac1 Qa5 13.Ba2 Rfd8 14.Rfe1 Here 14.Rfd1 looks stronger 14...Be8 15.Bb1 g6 16.Qe2 Bf8 17.Red1 Bg7 18.Ba2 Ne7 19.Qd2 Qa6 White has been vacillating with no clear strategy in view. Meanwhile, Steinitz has been piling up pressure against White's d-pawn. 20.Bg5 Nf5 21.g4? A desperate move, which should have been rejected in favour of 21.Qc4 21...Nxd4 A combination which throws a harsh searchlight on the weaknesses in White's camp. Indeed, even 21...Nxg4 22.Bxd8 Rxd8 gives Black tremendous compensation for his modest investment. 22.Nxd4 e5 23.Nd5 Rxc1 24.Qxc1 exd4 25.Rxd4 Nxd5 26.Rxd5 Rxd5 27.Bxd5 Qe2 28.h3 h6 29.Bc4 If 29.Bxh6 Bxh6 30.Qxh6 Qd1+. 29...Qf3 30.Qe3 Qd1+ 31.Kh2 Bc6 32.Be7 Be5+ A neat combination to exploit the shattered nature of White's king's wing. 33.f4 Bxf4+ 34.Qxf4 Qh1+ 35.Kg3 Qg1+ 0–1 Mate in 10 follows: 36.Kh4 Qe1+ 37.Qg3 Qxe7+ 38.g5 Qe4+ 39.Qg4 Qe1+ 40.Qg3 hxg5+ 41.Kxg5 Qxg3+ 42.Kf6 Qf4+ 43.Ke7 Kg7 44.Kd8 Qb8+ 45.Ke7 Qf8#

Game 8, Steinitz-Zukertort, ½–½

Ruy Lopez, Berlin Defence, C67
1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bb5 Nf6 4.0–0 Nxe4 5.Re1 Nd6 6.Nxe5 Be7 7.Bd3 0–0 8.Qh5 f5 9.Nc3 Nxe5 10.Rxe5 g6 11.Qf3 c6 12.b3 Nf7 13.Re2 d5 14.Bb2 Bf6 15.Rae1 Qd6 16.Re8 Bd7 17.Rxa8 Rxa8 18.Nd1 Ng5 19.Qe2 Re8 20.Qf1 Bxb2 21.Rxe8+ Bxe8 22.Nxb2 ½–½

Game 9, Zukertort-Steinitz, 0-1

Image:chess zhor 26.png
Image:chess zver 26.png a8 b8 c8 rd d8 e8 f8 g8 h8 Image:chess zver 26.png
a7 pd b7 pd c7 d7 e7 f7 g7 pd h7 kd
a6 b6 c6 d6 e6 rl f6 g6 h6 pd
a5 b5 c5 d5 e5 f5 pd g5 h5
a4 b4 c4 d4 pl e4 bd f4 qd g4 h4
a3 b3 c3 ql d3 e3 f3 g3 h3
a2 pl b2 c2 d2 rl e2 f2 pl g2 pl h2 pl
a1 b1 rd c1 d1 nl e1 f1 g1 kl h1
Image:chess zhor 26.png
Game 9: 37....Rc8!.
Queen's Gambit Accepted, D26
1.d4 d5 2.c4 e6 3.Nc3 Nf6 4.Nf3 dxc4 5.e3 c5 6.Bxc4 cxd4 7.exd4 Be7 8.0–0 0–0 9.Qe2 Nbd7 10.Bb3 Nb6 11.Bf4 Nbd5 12.Bg3 Qa5 13.Rac1 Bd7 14.Ne5 Rfd8 15.Qf3 Be8 16.Rfe1 Rac8 17.Bh4 Nxc3 18.bxc3 Qc7 19.Qd3 Nd5 20.Bxe7 Qxe7 21.Bxd5 Rxd5 22.c4 Rdd8 23.Re3 Qd6 24.Rd1 f6 25.Rh3 h6 26.Ng4 Qf4 27.Ne3 Ba4 28.Rf3 Qd6 29.Rd2 Bc6 30.Rg3 f5 31.Rg6? This just loses, 31.c5 is fine for white. 31...Be4 32.Qb3 Kh7 33.c5 Rxc5 34.Rxe6 Rc1+ 35.Nd1 Qf4 36.Qb2 Rb1 37.Qc3 Rc8! 38.Rxe4 Qxe4 0–1

Game 10, Steinitz-Zukertort, ½–½

Ruy Lopez, Berlin Defence, C67
1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bb5 Nf6 4.0–0 Nxe4 5.Re1 Nd6 6.Nxe5 Be7 7.Bd3 0–0 8.Nc3 Nxe5 9.Rxe5 c6 10.b3 Re8 11.Ba3 Bf8 12.Re3 Rxe3 13.fxe3 Ne4 14.Bxf8 Nxc3 15.Qh5 g6 16.Qe5 Qxf8 17.Qxc3 Qg7 18.Qxg7+ Kxg7 19.e4 d6 20.Re1 Bd7 21.Kf2 Re8 ½–½

Game 11, Zukertort-Steinitz, 0-1

Four Knights Game, Symmetrical Variation, C49
1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Nc3 Nf6 4.Bb5 Bb4 5.0–0 0–0 6.Nd5 Nxd5 7.exd5 e4 8.dxc6 exf3 9.Qxf3 dxc6 10.Bd3 Bd6 11.b3 Qg5 12.Bb2 Qxd2 13.Bc1 Qa5 14.Bf4 Be6 15.Rae1 Rfe8 16.Re3 Bd5 17.Bxh7+ Kxh7 18.Qh5+ Kg8 19.Rh3 f6 20.Qh7+? Here, white had to play 20.Bxd6 cxd6 21.c4, taking advantage of the pin on the fifth rank. 20...Kf7 21.Qh5+ Kf8 22.Qh8+ Kf7 23.Qh5+ Kf8 24.Qh8+ Kf7 25.Qh5+ (The threefold repetition rule was not in force; see comment in game 6.) 25...Kf8 26.Qh8+ Kf7 27.Qh5+ Kf8 28.Qh8+ Kf7 29.Qh5+ Kf8 30.Qh8+ Kf7 31.Qh5+ Ke7 32.Re3+ Kf8 33.Qh8+ Bg8 34.Bh6 Re7 35.Rxe7 Kxe7 36.Bxg7 Qf5 37.Re1+ Kf7 38.Bh6 Qh7 39.Qxh7+ Bxh7 40.c4 a5 41.Be3 c5 42.Rd1 a4 0–1

Game 12, Steinitz-Zukertort, 1-0

Ruy Lopez, Berlin Defence, C67
1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bb5 Nf6 4.0–0 Nxe4 5.Re1 Nd6 6.Nxe5 Be7 7.Bxc6 dxc6 8.Qe2 Be6 9.d3 Nf5 10.Nd2 0–0 11.c3 Re8 12.Ne4 Qd5 13.Bf4 Rad8 14.d4 Nd6 15.Nc5 Bc8 16.Ncd3 f6 17.Nb4 Qb5 18.Qxb5 Nxb5 19.Ned3 Bf5 20.a4 Nd6 21.a5 Nb5 22.a6 Bxd3 23.Nxd3 b6 24.Re3 Kf7 25.Rae1 Rd7 26.Nb4 g5 27.Bg3 f5 28.f4 c5 29.Nc6 cxd4 30.cxd4 Kf8 31.Re5 Nxd4 32.Nxd4 Rxd4 33.Rxf5+ Kg7 34.fxg5 Bc5 35.Rxc5 Rxe1+ 36.Bxe1 bxc5 37.Bc3 Kg6 38.Bxd4 cxd4 39.h4 Kf5 40.Kf2 Ke4 41.Ke2 c5 42.b3 Ke5 43.Kd3 Kf4 44.b4 1–0

Game 13, Zukertort-Steinitz, 1-0

Queen's Gambit Declined, Exchange Variation, D35
1.d4 d5 2.c4 e6 3.Nc3 Nf6 4.Bf4 c5 5.e3 cxd4 6.exd4 dxc4 7.Bxc4 Nc6 8.Nf3 Be7 9.0–0 0–0 10.Re1 Bd7 11.Qe2 Qa5 12.Nb5 a6 13.Bc7 b6 14.Nc3 Rfc8 15.Bf4 b5 16.Bb3 Qb6 17.Red1 Na5 18.Bc2 Nc4 19.Bd3 Nd6 20.Ne5 Be8 21.Bg5 Qd8 22.Qf3 Ra7 23.Qh3 h6 24.Be3 Rac7 25.d5 b4 26.Ne2 Nxd5 27.Bxa6 Ra8 28.Bd3 Bf6 29.Bd4 Nb5 30.Nf3 Nxd4 31.Nfxd4 Ra5 32.Qf3 Ba4 33.Re1 Ne7 34.Qe4 g6 35.b3 Be8 36.Bc4 Nf5 37.Nxe6 fxe6 38.Bxe6+ Kg7 39.Rad1 Qe7 40.Nf4 Re5 41.Qb1 Rxe1+? 41...Bd7 seems to give black better winning chances. 42.Rxe1 Bc3 43.Nd5 Qc5 44.Nxc7 Qxc7 45.Rd1 Nd4 46.Bc4 Bc6 47.Qd3 Ba8 48.Qe3 Qd6 49.a3 Bc6 50.axb4 Qf6 51.Kf1 Nb5 52.Qe6 Qxe6 53.Bxe6 Bxb4 54.Bd7 Nc3 55.Rd4 Bxd7 56.Rxd7+ Kf6 57.Rd4 Be7 58.b4 Ke5 59.Rc4 Nb5 60.Rc6 Bd6 61.Rb6 Nd4 62.Rb7 g5 63.b5 Kd5 64.b6 Kc6 65.Rh7 Kxb6 66.Rxh6 Kc7 67.h4! These two passed pawns give white a decisive advantage. 67...gxh4 68.Rxh4 Nf5 69.Rh7+ Kd8 70.g4 Ne7 71.Kg2 Ke8 72.Kf3 Bc5 73.Rh5 Bd4 74.Kg3 Kf7 75.f4 Bc3 76.Rb5 Be1+ 77.Kf3 Bc3 78.g5 Ba1 79.Kg4 Bc3 80.f5 Bd4 81.Rb7 Bc3 82.Kh5 Bd4 83.Kh6 Bg7+ 84.Kh7 Be5 85.g6+ Kf8 86.Rxe7 1–0

Game 14, Steinitz-Zukertort, ½–½

Ruy Lopez, Berlin Defence, C67
1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bb5 Nf6 4.0–0 Nxe4 5.Re1 Nd6 6.Nxe5 Be7 7.Bd3 0–0 8.Nc3 Nxe5 9.Rxe5 c6 10.b3 Ne8 11.Bb2 d5 12.Qf3 Bf6 13.Re2 Nc7 14.Ba3 Re8 15.Rae1 Ne6 16.Na4 Bd7 17.Nc5 Nxc5 18.Rxe8+ Bxe8 19.Bxc5 b6 20.Ba3 Bd7 21.Qg3 c5 22.c3 Be6 23.Bb2 Qd7 24.Bc2 Re8 25.h3 b5 26.d4 cxd4 27.cxd4 Rc8 28.Bd3 Bf5 29.Bxf5 Qxf5 30.Qg4 Qxg4 31.hxg4 a6 32.Re3 b4 33.g3 a5 34.Kf1 a4 35.bxa4 Ra8 36.Re1 Rxa4 37.Ra1 Kf8 38.Ke2 Ke7 39.Kd3 Ra6 40.a3 bxa3 41.Rxa3 Rxa3+ 42.Bxa3+ Kd7 43.Bf8 Ke8 44.Bd6 g6 45.Be5 Bd8 46.Bg7 h5 47.gxh5 gxh5 48.Be5 Kd7 ½–½

Game 15, Zukertort-Steinitz, ½–½

Queen's Gambit Declined, Dutch-Peruvian Gambit, D50
1.d4 d5 2.c4 e6 3.Nc3 Nf6 4.Bg5 c5 5.cxd5 exd5 6.Bxf6 gxf6 7.e3 Be6 8.Qb3 Qd7 9.Bb5 Nc6 10.e4 0–0–0 11.exd5 Bxd5 12.Nxd5 Qxd5 13.Qxd5 Rxd5 14.Bxc6 bxc6 15.dxc5 Bxc5 16.Nf3 Re8+ 17.Kf1 Bb6 18.g3 Rf5 19.Kg2 Re2 20.Rhf1 Rxb2 21.a4 Rc5 22.Ng1 Rh5 23.Ra3 Kb7 24.Nh3 Bd4 25.Re1 Re5 26.Rd1 c5 27.Rf3 Ree2 28.Rf1 Rb6 29.Nf4 Ra2 30.Nd5 Re6 31.Nf4 Rd6 32.Rb1+ Kc6 33.Rb8 Rxa4 34.Rh8 Ra2 35.Rxh7 a5 Surely pushing the c-pawn seems to give white more problems, as it can go to c2 without any problems. 36.Rxf7 a4 37.h4 Rd7 38.Rxd7 Kxd7 39.h5 Ke7 40.h6 Kf7 41.h7 Kg7 42.Ne6+ Kxh7 43.Nxd4 cxd4 44.Rd3 Rb2 45.Rxd4 a3 46.Ra4 a2 47.g4 Kg6 48.Kg3 Kf7 49.f4 ½–½

Game 16, Steinitz-Zukertort, 1-0

Ruy Lopez, Berlin Defence, C65
1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bb5 Nf6 4.d3 d6 5.c3 g6 6.d4 Bd7 7.Nbd2 Bg7 8.dxe5 Nxe5 9.Nxe5 dxe5 10.Qe2 0–0 11.Bd3 Qe7 12.f3 Bc6 13.Nb3 a5 14.Be3 Nd7 15.h4 a4 16.Nd2 h6 17.h5 g5 18.Nf1 Nc5 19.Bc2 Rfd8 20.Ng3 Bd7 21.0–0–0 c6 22.Rd2 Be6 23.Nf5 Bxf5 24.exf5 Rxd2 25.Qxd2 Nd7 26.g4 Nf6 27.Be4 Rd8 28.Qc2 Nd5 29.Bf2 b5 30.a3 Bf8 31.Rd1 Qb7 32.c4 bxc4 33.Qxc4 Rb8 34.Rd2 Nb6 35.Qc3 Nd5 36.Qc4 Nb6 37.Qd3 Be7 38.Rc2 Nd5 39.Qc4 Bxa3 This attack just does not work, white has a perfectly sound position to defend against this attack. 40.bxa3 Qb1+ 41.Kd2 Rd8 42.Bxd5 Rxd5+ 43.Ke3 Rb5 44.Qxc6 Rb3+ 45.Ke2 Kh7 46.f6 Rb2 47.Rxb2 Qxb2+ 48.Kf1 Qxa3 49.Qe8 1–0

Game 17, Zukertort-Steinitz, ½–½

Image:chess zhor 26.png
Image:chess zver 26.png a8 b8 rd c8 d8 qd e8 rd f8 g8 kd h8 Image:chess zver 26.png
a7 b7 c7 d7 e7 bd f7 pd g7 h7 pd
a6 b6 c6 d6 e6 bd f6 g6 h6
a5 pd b5 c5 pl d5 e5 f5 pd g5 h5
a4 nl b4 c4 d4 nd e4 pd f4 g4 h4
a3 pl b3 c3 d3 pd e3 pl f3 pl g3 pl h3
a2 b2 c2 d2 nl e2 f2 g2 bl h2 pl
a1 rl b1 c1 ql d1 e1 f1 rl g1 kl h1
Image:chess zhor 26.png
Game 19: 20...Nd4!. White is powerless to stop black's center pawns from powering down the board.
Queen's Gambit Declined, D55
1.d4 d5 2.c4 e6 3.Nc3 Nf6 4.Bg5 Be7 5.Nf3 0–0 6.e3 dxc4 7.Bxc4 Nbd7 8.0–0 c5 9.Qe2 h6 10.Bh4 Nb6 11.dxc5 Bxc5 12.Rfd1 Nbd7 13.e4 Be7 14.e5 Ne8 15.Bg3 Qb6 16.a3 a5 17.Rac1 Nc5 18.Bf4 Bd7 19.Be3 Bc6 20.Nd4 Rd8 21.Ndb5 Rxd1+ 22.Rxd1 Bxb5 23.Nxb5 Qc6 24.b4 axb4 25.axb4 Nd7 26.Nd4 Qe4 27.Nxe6 Nxe5 28.Nxf8 Nxc4 29.Nd7 Bxb4 30.Qd3 Qg4 31.h3 Qe6 32.Rb1 Nxe3 33.Qxe3 33.Rxb4! is better, as it also wins the b7 pawn in addition to swapping off the material. 33...Qxd7 34.Rxb4 Qd1+ 35.Kh2 Qd6+ 36.Qf4 Kf8 37.Qxd6+ Nxd6 38.Kg3 Ke7 39.Kf4 Ke6 40.h4 Kd5 41.g4 b5 42.Rb1 Kc5 43.Rc1+ Kd5 44.Ke3 Nc4+ 45.Ke2 b4 46.Rb1 Kc5 47.f4 Na3 48.Rc1+ Kd4 49.Rc7 b3 50.Rb7 Kc3 51.Rc7+ Kd4 52.Rb7 Kc3 ½–½

Game 18, Steinitz-Zukertort, 1-0

Ruy Lopez, Berlin Defence, C65
1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bb5 Nf6 4.d3 d6 5.c3 g6 6.d4 Bd7 7.Nbd2 Bg7 8.dxe5 Nxe5 9.Nxe5 dxe5 10.Qe2 0–0 11.f3 a5 12.Bd3 Qe7 13.Nf1 Be6 14.g4 Rfd8 15.h4 Qd7 16.Bc2 h5 17.g5 Ne8 18.Ne3 Qc6 19.c4 Nd6 20.Bd3 Rab8 21.Nd5 Bxd5 22.cxd5 Qd7 23.Bd2 Ra8 24.Rc1 c6 25.Rc5 cxd5 26.Rxd5 Qa4 27.a3 b6 28.Bc3 Qe8 29.Qf2 Nc8 30.Bb5 Qe7 31.Rxd8+ Qxd8 32.0–0 Na7 33.Bc4 Nc6 34.Bd5 Rc8 35.f4 Qd7 36.f5 Ne7 37.Ba2 gxf5 38.exf5 Bf8 39.Qf3 e4 40.Qxh5 1–0

Game 19, Zukertort-Steinitz, 0-1

Queen's Gambit Declined, D53
1.d4 d5 2.c4 e6 3.Nc3 Nf6 4.Bg5 Be7 5.Nf3 0–0 6.c5 b6 7.b4 bxc5 8.dxc5 a5 9.a3 d4 10.Bxf6 gxf6 11.Na4 e5 12.b5 Be6 13.g3 c6 14.bxc6 Nxc6 15.Bg2 Rb8 16.Qc1 d3 17.e3 e4 18.Nd2 f5 19.0–0 Re8 20.f3 Nd4! 21.exd4 Qxd4+ 22.Kh1 e3 23.Nc3 Bf6 24.Ndb1 d2 25.Qc2 Bb3 26.Qxf5 d1Q 27.Nxd1 Bxd1 28.Nc3 e2 29.Raxd1 Qxc3 0–1

Game 20 Steinitz-Zukertort, 1-0

Image:chess zhor 26.png
Image:chess zver 26.png a8 rd b8 c8 d8 e8 kd f8 g8 h8 rd Image:chess zver 26.png
a7 pd b7 pd c7 pd d7 bd e7 bd f7 g7 pd h7 pd
a6 b6 c6 d6 e6 f6 pd g6 h6 nd
a5 b5 c5 d5 pl e5 f5 nd g5 h5
a4 b4 c4 d4 e4 nl f4 bl g4 qd h4
a3 b3 c3 d3 bl e3 f3 nl g3 pl h3
a2 pl b2 pl c2 pl d2 e2 f2 g2 kl h2
a1 rl b1 c1 d1 e1 ql f1 g1 h1 rl
Image:chess zhor 26.png
Game 20: 15...Ngh6??. Zukertort did not anticipate what Steinitz had in store for him.
Vienna Game, C25
1.e4 e5 2.Nc3 Nc6 3.f4 This opening would never appear in a modern world championship match. The move 3.f4 gambits a key pawn from the kingside and is now considered far too weakening. Any player trying it now would be regarded as completely irresponsible. 3...exf4 4.d4 d5? This is now known to be incorrect. 4...Qh4+ 5.Ke2 d6! 6.Nf3 Bg4 firmly refutes White's play. 5.exd5 Qh4+ 6.Ke2 Qe7+ 7.Kf2 Qh4+ 8.g3! This bold move avoids a draw by repetition and Black's queen is even more exposed than White's king. 8...fxg3+ 9.Kg2 Nxd4 10.hxg3 Qg4 11.Qe1+ Be7 12.Bd3 Nf5 13.Nf3 Bd7 14.Bf4 f6 15.Ne4 Ngh6?? 16.Bxh6 Nxh6 17.Rxh6! gxh6?? 18.Nxf6+ Kf7 19.Nxg4 1–0



The World Chess Championship 1889 was the second official World Chess Championship, and was between Wilhelm Steinitz and Mikhail Chigorin. It took place in Havana, Cuba. Steinitz successfully defended his world title, by being the first of the two players to reach 10½. He won the match 10½-6½.

World Chess Championship Match 1889
Player 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Total
Flag of Russia Mikhail Chigorin (Russian Empire) 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 ½
Flag of the United States Wilhelm Steinitz (United States) 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 ½ 10½

Game 1, Chigorin-Steinitz, 1-0

Evans Gambit, C52
1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bc4 Bc5 4.b4 Bxb4 5.c3 Ba5 6.0–0 Qf6 7.d4 Nge7 8.Ng5 Nd8 9.f4 exd4 10.cxd4 Bb6 11.Be3 d5 12.Bxd5 Nxd5 13.exd5 0–0 14.Nc3 Re8 15.Nge4 Qg6 16.Bf2 c6 17.Re1 Bd7 18.Nc5 Rxe1+ 19.Qxe1 Qd6 20.Qe3 cxd5 21.Nxd7 Qxd7 22.Nxd5 Nc6 23.Nxb6 axb6 24.Re1 h6 25.d5 Nb4 26.Rd1 Nxd5 27.Qe5 Rxa2? 27...Ra5 was the only move in this position. 28.Rxd5 Ra1+ 29.Qxa1 Qxd5 30.Bxb6 Qe4 31.g3 h5 32.Qd4 Qf3 33.Qe3 Qd1+ 34.Kg2 Qc2+ 35.Qf2 Qc6+ 36.Kg1 h4 37.Qc5 hxg3 38.hxg3 Qe4 39.Kf2 Qh1 40.Qc8+ Kh7 41.Qg4 Qh2+ 42.Kf1 Qh1+ 43.Bg1 Qd5 44.Qh3+ Kg8 45.Qc8+ Kh7 46.Qc5 Qd3+ 47.Kg2 Qd7 48.Bd4 f6 49.Kf3 b5 50.g4 Qb7+ 51.Kg3 b4 52.Qf5+ Kg8 53.g5 fxg5 54.Qe6+ Kh7 55.fxg5 Qc7+ 56.Kg4 g6 57.Qf6 Qc8+ 58.Kh4 1–0


Game 2, Steinitz-Chigorin, 1-0

Image:chess zhor 26.png
Image:chess zver 26.png a8 b8 c8 d8 rd e8 f8 rd g8 kd h8 Image:chess zver 26.png
a7 pd b7 pd c7 d7 qd e7 bd f7 g7 pd h7 pd
a6 b6 c6 d6 pl e6 f6 g6 nd h6
a5 b5 c5 d5 e5 pd f5 g5 h5 rl
a4 b4 c4 d4 e4 nl f4 g4 pl h4
a3 b3 c3 bl d3 e3 pl f3 g3 h3
a2 pl b2 pl c2 d2 e2 f2 pl g2 h2
a1 b1 c1 rl d1 ql e1 kl f1 g1 h1
Image:chess zhor 26.png
Game 2: 24.d6. Black's bishop is trapped, if 24...Bf6, then 25.g5 still ensures that the bishop has no escape.
Queen's Pawn Game, D02
1.Nf3 d5 2.d4 Bg4 3.Ne5 Bh5 4.Qd3 Qc8 5.c4 f6 6.Nf3 e6 7.Nc3 Bg6 8.Qd1 c6 9.e3 Bd6 10.Bd2 Ne7 11.Rc1 Nd7 12.Nh4 f5 13.g4 Nf6 14.h3 Ne4 15.Bd3 fxg4? This just loses a pawn. 16.Nxg6 Nxg6 17.Bxe4 dxe4 18.Nxe4 Be7 19.hxg4 e5 20.d5 Qd7 21.Bc3 Rd8 22.Rh5 cxd5 23.cxd5 0–0 24.d6 Qe6 25.Qb3 Qxb3 26.axb3 Bxd6 27.Nxd6 Rxd6 28.Bb4 Rb6 29.Bxf8 Kxf8 30.Rc8+ Kf7 31.Rc7+ Kf6 32.Rf5+ Ke6 33.Rff7 Rb4 34.Rxb7 Rxg4 35.Rxg7 h5 36.Rxa7 Kf5 37.f3 Rg2 38.Ra6 1–0

Game 3, Chigorin-Steinitz, 1-0

Ruy Lopez, Steinitz Defence, C62
1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bb5 d6 4.d4 Bd7 5.dxe5 dxe5 6.0–0 Bd6 7.Nc3 Nge7 8.Bg5 f6 9.Be3 0–0 10.Bc4+ Kh8 11.Nb5 Nc8 12.Qd2 Qe8 13.Rad1 Bg4 14.Be2 Nd8 15.c4 Ne6 16.h3 Bh5 17.c5 Be7 18.Qd5 Qc6 19.Bc4 Be8 20.a4 Nxc5 21.Bxc5 Bxc5 22.Qxc6 Bxc6 23.Nxc7 Nd6 24.Bb3 Bxe4 25.Nxa8 Bxf3 26.gxf3 Rxa8 27.Rd5 b6 28.Rfd1 Rd8 29.Kg2 a5 30.Bc2 g6 31.h4 Kg7 32.f4 exf4 33.Kf3 f5 34.Kxf4 Kf6 35.Bb3 h6 36.h5! This excellent move makes black's pawn on f5 a permanent weakness. 36...gxh5 37.Bc2 Ke7 38.Re5+ Kf8 39.Rxf5+ Ke7 40.Re5+ Kd7 41.f3 h4 42.Kg4 Rg8+ 43.Kxh4 Rg2 44.Bf5+ Kc6 45.b3 Bf2+ 46.Kh3 Rg3+ 47.Kh2 Rxf3 48.Kg2 Rf4 49.Be6 Bc5 50.Bd5+ Kd7 51.Re6 Nf5 52.Bc4+ Kc7 53.Rd3 h5 54.Bb5 Rg4+ 55.Kh2 Rh4+ 56.Rh3 Bd6+ 57.Kg2 Rg4+ 58.Kf1 Ng3+ 59.Kf2 h4 60.Rh6 Rf4+ 61.Kg2 Be7 62.Rc6+ Kb7 63.Rc4 Rf8 64.Rd4 Kc8 65.Rd7 Bd8 66.Rh2 Ne4 67.Rg7 Nc5 68.Rh3 Bf6 69.Rg6 Bd8 70.Bc4 Rf4 71.Rf3 Rd4 72.Rg7 Kb8 73.Rff7 Rd6 74.Kh3 Rd2 75.Rh7 Rd6 76.Bf1 Ne6 77.Rd7 Rc6?? 77...Rxd7 would have allowed black to retain his drawing chances. 78.Kg4 Rc7 79.Bc4 Rxc4+ 80.bxc4 Kc8 81.Rd6 Nc5 82.Rc6+ Kb8 83.Rh8 1–0

Game 4, Steinitz-Chigorin, 1-0

Image:chess zhor 26.png
Image:chess zver 26.png a8 rd b8 c8 d8 e8 kd f8 g8 nd h8 rd Image:chess zver 26.png
a7 pd b7 pd c7 pd d7 e7 f7 pd g7 pd h7 pd
a6 b6 c6 nd d6 e6 f6 g6 h6
a5 qd b5 c5 d5 pd e5 f5 g5 h5
a4 b4 bd c4 d4 e4 pl f4 g4 h4
a3 pl b3 c3 nl d3 e3 f3 pl g3 h3
a2 b2 pl c2 d2 bl e2 f2 pl g2 h2 pl
a1 rl b1 c1 d1 ql e1 kl f1 bl g1 h1 rl
Image:chess zhor 26.png
Game 4: 10.a3!. Chigorin fell for Steinitz's trap! Black is going to lose a piece.
Queen's Pawn Game, D02
1.Nf3 d5 2.d4 Bg4 3.c4 Bxf3 4.gxf3 e6 5.cxd5 Qxd5 6.e4 Bb4+ 7.Nc3 Qa5 8.Bd2 Nc6 9.d5! exd5? 9...Nd4 was necessary. 10.a3! Black cannot retreat the bishop without losing even more material. If he moves the bishop to anywhere other than d6, white will play 11.Nxd5, and black cannot defend against the threat against his queen and the c7-pawn. If 10...Bd6, then white plays 11.Nxd5 Qc5 (the only square) 12.Be3 Qa5+ 13.b4 and the queen is trapped, and after 13...Nxb4 14.Bd2, white will win a piece in even more favourable circumstances in comparison to the game. 10...Nd4 11.Bd3 0–0–0 12.axb4 Nxf3+ 13.Qxf3!? 13.Ke2 seems to hold the piece, although the king will be exposed. With the text move, white's attack on black's queen continues. 13...Qxa1+ 14.Ke2 Qxb2 15.Rb1 Qa3 16.Nb5 Qa6 17.Qxf7 Qb6 18.Rc1 Nh6 19.Qxg7 dxe4 20.Qxc7+ Qxc7 21.Rxc7+ Kb8 22.Bxe4 1–0

Game 5, Chigorin-Steinitz, 0-1

Evans Gambit, C52
1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bc4 Bc5 4.b4 Bxb4 5.c3 Ba5 6.0–0 Qf6 7.d4 Nge7 8.Bg5 Qd6 9.Qb3 0–0 10.Rd1 Bb6 11.dxe5 Qg6 12.Qa3 Re8 13.Nbd2 d6 14.exd6 cxd6 15.Bf4 Bc5 16.Qc1 Bg4 17.Bg3 Rad8 18.h3?? White blunders horribly, completely overlooking the pin that the bishop exerts on the f2 pawn. 18...Bxf3 19.Nxf3 Qxg3 20.Kh1 Qg6 21.Rd3 Qf6 22.Qd2 Ng6 23.Ng5 Nge5 24.Rf3 Nxf3 25.Bxf7+ Qxf7 26.gxf3 Qc4 0–1

Game 6, Steinitz-Chigorin, 0-1

Queen's Pawn Game, D02
1.Nf3 d5 2.d4 Bg4 3.c4 Bxf3 4.gxf3 dxc4 5.e4 e5 6.dxe5 Qxd1+ 7.Kxd1 Nc6 8.f4 Rd8+ 9.Bd2 Bc5 10.Rg1 Nge7 11.Bxc4 Ng6 12.Kc1 Bxf2 13.Rg2 Bb6 14.Nc3 Nd4 15.Nd5 Nf3 16.Nxb6 Nxd2 17.Rxd2 axb6 18.Rxd8+ Kxd8 19.Bxf7 Nxf4 20.Kd2 Rf8 21.Bb3 Ng6 22.e6 Ke7 23.Rg1?! Steinitz ought to have prevented black's rook from reaching the 7th rank. 23.Ke3 was in order 23...Rf2+ 24.Ke3 Rxh2 25.Rg5 Rh3+ 26.Kd4 Rf3 27.Rb5 Nf4 28.a4 28.Rf5! would have forced black to be tied down, increasing white's drawing chances 28...h5 29.a5 h4 30.axb6 c6 31.Rf5 Ne2+ 32.Kc5 Rxf5+ 33.exf5 h3 34.Ba4 h2 35.Bxc6 bxc6 36.b7 h1Q 37.b8Q Qc1+ 0–1

Game 7, Chigorin-Steinitz, 1-0

Evans Gambit, C52
1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bc4 Bc5 4.b4 Bxb4 5.c3 Ba5 6.0–0 Qf6 7.d4 Nge7 8.Bg5 Qd6 9.d5 Nd8 10.Qa4 Bb6 11.Na3 Qg6 12.Bxe7 Kxe7 13.Nxe5 Qf6 14.Nf3 Qxc3 15.e5 c6 16.d6+ Kf8 17.Bb3 h6 18.Qh4 g5 19.Qh5 Qxd3 20.Rad1 Qh7 21.Nc2 Kg7 22.Ncd4 Qg6 23.Qg4 h5 24.Nf5+ Kf8 25.Qxg5 Qxg5 26.Nxg5 h4 27.Kh1 Rh5 28.f4 Ne6 29.g4 hxg3 30.Nxg3 Rh6 31.Nxf7! Kxf7 32.f5 Ke8 33.fxe6 dxe6 34.Ne4 1–0

Game 8, Steinitz-Chigorin, 1-0

Image:chess zhor 26.png
Image:chess zver 26.png a8 rd b8 rd c8 d8 e8 f8 g8 h8 Image:chess zver 26.png
a7 b7 c7 d7 bd e7 f7 kd g7 pd h7
a6 qd b6 c6 pd d6 pl e6 f6 pd g6 h6 pd
a5 pd b5 c5 bd d5 e5 pd f5 bl g5 h5
a4 b4 c4 d4 e4 f4 nd g4 ql h4 nl
a3 pl b3 c3 bl d3 e3 f3 g3 h3
a2 b2 c2 d2 e2 rl f2 pl g2 pl h2 pl
a1 b1 c1 d1 rl e1 f1 g1 kl h1
Image:chess zhor 26.png
Game 8: 32...Nf4. Can you find white's winning move?
Semi-Slav Defense, D46
1.Nf3 Nf6 2.d4 d5 3.c4 e6 4.Nc3 c6 5.e3 Bd6 6.Bd3 Nbd7 7.0–0 0–0 8.e4 dxe4 9.Nxe4 Nxe4 10.Bxe4 h6 11.Bc2 Re8 12.Re1 Qf6 13.Bd2 Nf8 14.Bc3 Bd7 15.c5 Bb8 16.d5! Qd8 17.d6 b6 18.b4 f6 19.Qd3 a5 20.a3 e5 21.Nh4 bxc5 22.bxc5 Ba7 23.Rad1 Bxc5 24.Qc4+ Ne6 25.Qe4 Nf8 26.Qc4+ Ne6 27.Bg6 Qb6 28.Re2 Reb8 29.Rb2 Qa7 30.Bf5 Kf7 31.Re2 Qa6 32.Qg4 Nf4 33.Rxe5! Black's pieces are on the wrong side of the board, and merely spectate the execution of their monarch. 33...fxe5 34.Bxe5 g5 35.Bg6+ Kf8 36.Qxd7 Qa7 37.Qf5+ Kg8 38.d7 1–0

Game 9, Chigorin-Steinitz, 0-1

Evans Gambit, C52
1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bc4 Bc5 4.b4 Bxb4 5.c3 Ba5 6.0–0 Qf6 7.d4 Nge7 8.Bg5 Qd6 9.d5 Nd8 10.Qa4 b6 11.Na3 a6 12.Bb3 Bxc3 13.Rac1 Qb4 14.Nb5 Qxb5 15.Qxb5 axb5 16.Rxc3 c5 17.dxc6 Ndxc6 18.Bxe7 Kxe7 19.Bd5 f6 20.Bxc6 dxc6 21.Rxc6 Bd7 22.Rxb6 Rhb8 23.Rxb8 Rxb8 24.Rb1 Bc6 25.Re1 Ra8 26.Re2 Ra4 27.Rb2 Rxe4 28.h3 Kd6 29.Nd2 Ra4 30.f3 f5 31.Kf2 Ra3 32.Nb1 Rd3 33.Ke2 e4 34.Nd2 Ra3 35.fxe4 fxe4 36.Nb1 Rg3 37.Kf2 Rd3 38.Ke2 h5 39.Nd2 Rg3 40.Kf2 Ra3 41.Nf1 Bd5 42.Rxb5 Rxa2+ 43.Ke3 Rxg2 44.Kd4 Bc6 45.Rxh5 Ra2 46.Ne3 Rd2+ 47.Kc4 Bd7 48.Rg5 Be6+ 49.Kb4 Rd4+ 50.Kb5 Rd3 51.Nc4+ Bxc4+ 52.Kxc4 Rd1 53.Rxg7 e3 54.Rb7 Ke5 55.Kc3 Ke4 56.Kc2 Rf1 0–1

Game 10, Steinitz-Chigorin, 1-0

Image:chess zhor 26.png
Image:chess zver 26.png a8 b8 rd c8 d8 kd e8 f8 g8 h8 rd Image:chess zver 26.png
a7 b7 c7 pd d7 e7 rl f7 pd g7 h7 pd
a6 pd b6 nd c6 d6 e6 f6 nl g6 pd h6
a5 qd b5 pd c5 d5 pl e5 f5 g5 h5
a4 b4 c4 d4 pl e4 f4 g4 h4
a3 pl b3 bl c3 d3 e3 f3 pl g3 h3
a2 b2 pl c2 ql d2 e2 f2 pl g2 h2 pl
a1 b1 c1 kl d1 rl e1 f1 g1 h1
Image:chess zhor 26.png
Game 10: 25.Rxe7!. Steinitz temporarily sacrifices the exchange in order to expose black's king.
Queen's Gambit Declined, Chigorin Defense, D07
1.Nf3 d5 2.d4 Bg4 3.c4 Nc6 4.e3 e5 5.Qb3 Bxf3 6.gxf3 exd4 7.cxd5 Ne5 8.exd4 Nd7 9.Nc3 Qe7+ 10.Be3 Qb4 11.Qc2 Ngf6 12.Bb5 Rd8 13.0–0–0 a6 14.Ba4 Be7 15.Rhg1 g6 16.Bh6 b5 17.Bb3 Nb6 18.Rge1 Kd7 19.Bf4 Rc8 20.a3 Qa5 21.Bg5 Ng8 22.Bxe7 Nxe7 23.Ne4 Rb8 24.Nf6+ Kd8 25.Rxe7! Kxe7 26.Qxc7+ Nd7 27.Qxa5 1–0

Game 11, Chigorin-Steinitz, 1-0

Evans Gambit, C52
1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bc4 Bc5 4.b4 Bxb4 5.c3 Ba5 6.0–0 Qf6 7.d4 Nge7 8.Bg5 Qd6 9.d5 Nd8 10.Qa4 b6 11.Na3 a6 12.Bd3 Bxc3 13.Rab1 Bb7 14.Nc4 Qc5 15.Be3 b5 16.Bxc5 bxa4 17.Rfc1 d6 18.Bxd6 cxd6 19.Nxd6+ Kd7 20.Nxb7 Bd4 21.Nxd4 exd4 22.Nxd8 Rhxd8 23.Rb7+ Kd6 24.e5+ Kxd5 25.Rxe7 Rac8 26.Rxc8 Rxc8 27.f3 Rc3 28.Be4+ Kc4 29.Rxf7 Kb4 30.e6 d3 31.Rd7 1–0

Game 12, Steinitz-Chigorin, 1-0

Queen's Gambit Declined, Chigorin Defense, D07
1.Nf3 d5 2.d4 Bg4 3.c4 Nc6 4.e3 e6 5.Nc3 Bb4 6.Bd2 Nge7 7.Bd3 Bf5 8.Bxf5 Nxf5 9.cxd5 exd5 10.Qb3 Bxc3 11.Bxc3 Rb8 12.0–0 0–0 13.Rac1 Re8 14.Bd2 Nce7 15.Rc2 c6 16.Rfc1 Ng6 17.Be1 Nfh4 18.Nxh4 Nxh4 19.f3 Nf5 20.Bf2 Qg5 21.Re1 Re6 22.e4 Rbe8 23.Rce2 Nd6 24.e5 Qd8 25.Kf1 Nc4 26.Qxb7 Qg5 27.Qb4 Rg6 28.Bg3 h5 29.b3 Nb6 30.Qd2 Qf5 31.Qc2 Qg5 32.Qd2 Qf5 33.Kg1 Nc8 34.Qc2 Qd7 35.Bh4 Nb6 36.Qd3 Na8 37.f4 Nc7 38.Bf2 Qg4 39.Be3 f5 40.Rf2 Rge6 41.Qe2 Qg6 42.Rf3 Qf7 43.Rg3 Kh7 44.Bf2 Rh6 45.Rc1 Rc8 46.Rgc3 Ne6 47.Qa6 Rg8 48.Rxc6 Nxf4 49.Rxh6+ gxh6 50.Bg3 Rg6 51.Qf1 Ne6 52.Qd3 Rg4 53.h3 Rxd4 54.Qa6 Rd2 55.Be1 Rd4 56.Rc6 Re4 57.Rxe6 Rxe1+ 58.Kh2 Rc1? 58...Qg7 and black is still in the game. 59.Rf6 Qg7 60.Qe6 Rf1 61.Rf7 1–0

Game 13, Chigorin-Steinitz, 1-0

Evans Gambit, C52
1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bc4 Bc5 4.b4 Bxb4 5.c3 Ba5 6.0–0 Qf6 7.d4 Nge7 8.d5 Nd8 9.Bg5 Qd6 10.Qa4 f6 11.Bc1 Bb6 12.Na3 c6 13.Bb3 Bc5 14.Rd1 b5 15.Qa5 Nb7 16.Qa6 Nd8 17.Qa5 Nb7 18.Qa6 Nd8 19.Qa5 Nb7 20.Qa6 Qc7 21.dxc6 dxc6 22.Nxb5 cxb5 23.Qxb5+ Bd7 24.Bf7+ Kd8 25.Rb1 Nd6 26.Qb3 Qb6 27.Qc2 Qc6 28.Bb3 a5 29.Be3 Bxe3 30.fxe3 a4 31.Bd5 Nxd5 32.Rxd5 Re8 33.Rbd1 Re6 34.c4 Ra7 35.c5 Nc8 36.Nd2 Ke8 37.Nc4 Re7 38.Qe2 a3 39.Qh5+ g6 40.Qh4 Ra4? This spoils black's advantage. 41.Rd6 Nxd6 42.Nxd6+ Kd8 43.Qxf6 Ra5 44.Qf8+ Re8 45.Nxe8 Qxc5 46.Qxc5? 46.Qh8! is a much quicker way of winning, e.g. 46...Qe7 47.Nf6+ Kc7 48.Nxd7 and white is material ahead, with black's king horribly exposed. 46...Rxc5 47.Nf6 Rc7 48.Kf1 Kc8 49.Rxd7 Rxd7 50.Nxd7 Kxd7 51.Ke2 Kc6 52.Kd3 Kb5 53.Kc3 h5 54.Kb3 g5 55.Kxa3 Kc4 56.Kb2 Kd3 57.a4 Ke2 58.a5 Kf2 59.a6 Kxg2 60.a7 Kxh2 61.a8Q h4 62.Qg8 h3 63.Qxg5 Kh1 64.Qxe5 1–0

Game 14, Steinitz-Chigorin, 1-0

Queen's Gambit Declined, Chigorin Defense, D07
1.Nf3 d5 2.d4 Bg4 3.c4 Nc6 4.e3 e5 5.Qb3 Bxf3 6.gxf3 Nge7 7.Nc3 exd4 8.Nxd5 Rb8 9.e4 Ng6 10.Bd2 Bd6 11.f4 0–0 12.0–0–0 Nce7 13.f5 Nxd5 14.cxd5 Nf4 15.Qf3 Qh4 16.Rg1 h5 17.Kb1 c5? This simple tactical oversight leads to loss of a piece. 18.Qg3 This move pins the knight to the now unguarded bishop. Also, the knight has no squares to move to. 18...Ng6 19.Qxd6 Qxe4+ 20.Ka1 Qxf5 21.Qg3 Qxd5 22.f4 b5 23.Bg2 Qd6 24.Qg5 f5 25.Bh3 Rb6 26.Bxf5 Rf6 27.Be4 Qd7 28.Qxh5 Nf8 29.Qxc5 Ne6 30.Qh5 Qd6 31.Qh7+ Kf8 32.Rc1 Ra6 33.f5 Nc5 34.Qh8+ Ke7 35.Rxg7+ 1–0

Game 15, Chigorin-Steinitz, 0-1

Evans Gambit, C52
1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bc4 Bc5 4.b4 Bxb4 5.c3 Ba5 6.0–0 Qf6 7.d4 Nge7 8.d5 Nd8 9.Qa4 Bb6 10.Bg5 Qd6 11.Na3 c6 12.Rad1 Qb8 13.Bxe7 Kxe7 14.d6+ Kf8 15.Nxe5 f6 16.Nf3 Bc5 17.e5 b5 18.Bxb5 cxb5 19.Nxb5 Ne6 20.exf6 gxf6 21.Qh4 Kf7 22.Qh5+ Kg8 23.Qg4+ Kf7 24.Qh5+ Kg7 25.Nfd4 Bxd4 26.Nxd4 Rf8 27.Rd3 Bb7 28.Nxe6+ dxe6 29.Rh3 Be4 30.Qg4+ Bg6 31.Qxe6 Qb6 32.Qd5 Rad8 33.Rd1 Rfe8 34.c4 Rxd6! Exploiting White's weak back rank. 35.Qf3 Rd3 36.Qg4 Re4 0–1

Game 16, Steinitz-Chigorin, 1-0

Dutch Defence, A80
1.Nf3 f5 2.d4 e6 3.c4 Nf6 4.e3 Be7 5.Nc3 0–0 6.Bd3 d5 7.Bd2 c6 8.c5 Nbd7 9.Ng5 Nb8 10.f3 Qc7 11.Qc2 Nh5 12.Nh3 Bh4+ 13.Nf2 e5 14.dxe5 Qxe5 15.0–0 Be7 16.Ne2 b6 17.cxb6 axb6 18.Nd4 c5 19.Nb5 Nc6 20.Bc3 Qb8 21.Rfd1 Ne5 22.Be2 Nf6 23.Nh3 Rd8 24.Bf1 Nf7 25.Nf4 d4 26.Bd2 dxe3 27.Bxe3 Rxd1 28.Rxd1 Qe5 29.Re1 Kf8 30.Bd2 Qb8 31.Qb3 Nd8 32.Qe3 Qb7 33.Bc4 Qd7 34.Bc3 Ra4 35.Bb3 Ra8 36.Nd5 Nxd5 37.Bxd5 Ra4 38.Bxg7+ Kxg7 39.Qxe7+ Qxe7 40.Rxe7+ Kf6 41.Rxh7 Rb4 42.Nd6 Be6 43.Bxe6 Kxe6 44.Rh6+ Ke5 45.b3 b5 46.f4+ Kd4 47.Nxb5+ Rxb5 48.Rd6+ Kc3 49.Rxd8 Ra5 50.Rd5 Kb4 51.Rd2 Kc3 52.Re2 1–0

Game 17, Chigorin-Steinitz, ½-½

Evans Gambit, C52
1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bc4 Bc5 4.b4 Bxb4 5.c3 Ba5 6.0–0 Qf6 7.d4 Nge7 8.d5 Nd8 9.Qa4 Bb6 10.Bg5 Qd6 11.Na3 c6 12.Rad1 Qb8 13.Bxe7 Kxe7 14.d6+ Kf8 15.Qb4 f6 16.Bb3 g6 17.Nc4 Kg7 18.a4 Nf7 19.Nxb6 axb6 20.Bxf7 Kxf7 21.Nxe5+ Kg7 22.Nc4 b5 23.axb5 Qa7 24.b6 Qa4 25.Qc5 Re8 26.f3 Qa2 27.Ne3 Qb3 28.Rb1 Qf7 29.Nc4 Ra4 30.Rb4 Ra2 31.Qd4 Kg8 32.Ne3 Ra3 33.Ra4 Rb3 34.Rfa1 Kg7 35.Ra8 Rb5 36.Rb8 c5 37.Qd5 Rxb6 38.Raa8 Qf8 39.Nc4 Rc6 40.f4 b5 41.Rxb5 Ba6 42.Rxe8 Qxe8 43.Rxc5 Rxc5 44.Qxc5 Qxe4 45.Ne3 Qxf4 46.h3 Bb7 47.c4 Bc6 48.Qa3 Qd4 49.Kh2 f5 50.c5 f4 51.Nc2 Qe5 52.Qa1 Qxa1 53.Nxa1 Kf6 54.Nc2 Ke5 55.Nb4 Bb7 56.Kg1 Kd4 57.c6 Bc8 58.cxd7 Bxd7 59.Kf2 Ke5 60.Nd3+ Kxd6 61.Nxf4 Ke5 62.Ke3 Kf6 63.Nd3 h6 64.Kf4 g5+ 65.Ke3 h5 66.Nc5 Bc6 67.g3 h4 68.g4 Bg2 69.Ne4+ Bxe4 70.Kxe4 Ke6 ½–½



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